Symptoms and Complications
Leukemia either causes a shortage of functioning white blood cells - which can impair the immune system - or a buildup of extra white blood cells. In acute leukemias the extra white blood cells are mostly immature whereas in chronic leukemias the white blood cells are mature but still function poorly. In either case, fewer platelets (the type of blood cells that help stop bleeding) are produced causing excessive bleeding. Minor injuries can result hard-to-stop bleeding, and large bruises. Tiny red spots may appear just under the skin.
Because the immune system isn't working normally, infections are more frequent. Lymph glands and the spleen become enlarged causing pain in the left side of the abdomen.
If abnormal cells accumulate in the brain and spinal cord (as in AML), the symptoms include vomiting and headaches. Occasionally, abnormal cells can accumulate in the skin, causing lumps (chloromas) or skin rashes. A lack of red blood cells causes the skin to look pale. It also results in fatigue and shortness of breath.