Making the Diagnosis
The Pap test is the main tool used to screen for cervical cancer. It is used to detect cancer or precancerous cells that may lead to cancer. This test was named after its inventor, George Papanicolaou.
The Pap test is a quick and simple procedure. Using a small brush or spatula, the doctor scrapes and removes some cells from the surface of the cervix. The test does not usually cause any pain. The cells are then examined for their appearance in a laboratory.
In the event that the Pap test shows a change or abnormalities in the cervical cells, follow-up tests or procedures may be done. Your doctor will advise which of the following tests or procedures are most suitable for you:
- Another Pap test in several months to see if there are further changes.
- HPV test may be done in combination with the Pap test to screen for cervical cancer or as a follow-up test after an abnormal Pap test result. Since the majority of cervical cancer begins with an HPV infection, this test allows for the detection of the presence of the virus in cervical cells. More specifically, the HPV test determines whether the woman is infected by a type of HPV virus that can cause cervical cancer.
- Colposcopy involves using a colposcope (an instrument with a light and magnifying lens) to examine the cervix. A dye is applied to the area to make the abnormalities more visible.
- Biopsy involves the removal of small amounts of tissue so that it can be examined in a laboratory to confirm whether the cervical cells are benign, precancerous, or cancerous.
Currently in the United States, it is recommended that women have a Pap test every 3 years, beginning 3 years after they first have sexual intercourse, and no later than at age 21. Women under the age of 30 should have Pap tests performed every 2 years. Women between the ages of 65 and 70 who have had at least 3 normal Pap tests and no abnormal Pap tests in the last 10 years may, in consultation with their doctor, choose to stop having Pap tests. Women who are considered at high risk of developing cervical cancer may require more frequent screenings. Ask your doctor how often you should be tested.